In the Course of an Assment Review a Femal Client Reveals a Isotry of Bisexual Orientation

Abstruse

Introduction

The proactive role of women in sexuality has been socially invisible, peculiarly in regard to pornography utilise. For this reason, this study aims to explore Spanish women'south sexual experiences regarding viewing, arousal, and discomfort as perceived by different types of pornography and based on the women's sexual orientation.

Methods

Between January and March 2019, 2730 Castilian women betwixt 18 and 44 years erstwhile (Yard = 24.16; SD = 6.04) completed a questionnaire near the consumption of heterosexual, gay, and lesbian pornography and the discomfort they felt when they were aroused by this blazon of fabric. Regarding their sexual orientation, 78.1% were heterosexual, 15.4% were bisexual, and vi.v% were lesbian.

Results

In general, more than lesbian and bisexual women swallow pornography than heterosexual women practice. In any case, all of them consume and are aroused by pornographic content based on a sexual orientation that differs from their reported sexual orientation. Women experience discomfort when viewing pornography, regardless of their sexual orientation and the type of content. Particularly, the youngest women are associated with discomfort when viewing heterosexual pornography, although the discomfort of older bisexual women is associated with gay and lesbian pornography.

Conclusions

Regardless of their reported sexual orientation, women view and feel aroused by different types of pornographic content. In addition, this study reveals their associated discomfort, which could interfere with their sexual health.

Policy Implications

Sexual health strategies should include a more active office of women in sexuality, every bit well as a more flexible conception of their sexual orientation to prevent stigmatizing them.

Introduction

Women'south pleasure has long been ignored or pathologized (Van Ness et al., 2017). In particular, sexist and conservative societies characterize women equally being sexually passive with a depression sexual drive and relegate women's sexual behaviors to men'southward sexual satisfaction (Emmerink et al., 2016; Lamb, 2010). Additionally, in this context, the sexual double standard, which criticizes women who show active sexuality while positively valuing these behaviors for men (Emmerink et al., 2016; Van Ness et al., 2017), indicates that most women experience their ain sexuality in silence, purity, and repression (Trinh, 2016; Van Ness et al., 2017). In detail, the difficulty of identifying women equally a proactive sexual agent increases for those manifestations that are socially condemned. The consumption of pornography is one of these invisible aspects. However, several studies accept shown that women consume pornography, particularly since start of the Internet era, which facilitates access to erotic content (Carnes et al., 2007).

For instance, in the The states, 68% of women between 18 and 61 years quondam had e'er intentionally seen pornography on the Internet (Kasper et al., 2015). These figures are in line with some other written report which found that 40% of women (between 17 and 64 years old), either less or more ofttimes, had used pornography to masturbate in recent years and that 20.8% had seen pornography, simply without masturbating (Bridges et al., 2016).

In Mainland china, the percentages are similar; a study constitute that 62% of women (between 19 and 58 years one-time) had intentionally watched erotic videos online in the last 12 months (Zheng & Zheng, 2014). Another study found that in Australia, 54% of women (from 16 to 69 years former) had ever looked pornographic material in their lives, and 41% had done and so recently (Rissel et al., 2017).

Regarding Europe, in a study among a immature population (betwixt 18 and 26 years old), 56.9% of Polish women and 49.3% of German women had used pornography more than once a month in the last 6 months (Martyniuk et al., 2016). In Espana, a report plant that 68.1% of adolescent and immature women (from nineteen to 25 years old) had ever searched for sexual material on the Net, and 68.five% of them had e'er masturbated while they were on the Internet (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2017). Nevertheless, women over the age of 55 rarely written report current pornography consumption (4.7%) (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2019). This decrease is in line with a study from the USA comparing young people versus heart-aged and older people, in which it was observed that the consumption of pornography during the almost contempo yr decreased with age and increased conservative attitudes toward pornography (Price et al., 2016). Therefore, historic period may play an important role in pornography consumption.

Among the deficient literature on the effect that women's sexual orientation has on pornography consumption, a report developed past Hungarian portals showed that women of the LGBTQ customs (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) seemed to view pornography more frequently than heterosexual women (Bőthe et al., 2018). In this sense, in a study from Norway with women betwixt 18 and 59 years one-time, 92% of lesbian and bisexual women had ever been exposed to pornography, more or less intentionally, compared to 67% of heterosexual women (Træen & Daneback, 2013).

Although these studies yield important findings, they practise not explore other relevant elements, such as the type of pornography used or the associated discomfort. First, viewing erotic material has been associated with sexual well-beingness and sexual satisfaction betwixt heterosexual couples (Maas et al., 2018), especially when it is occasional (Wright et al., 2019). Such viewing tin can be used to larn about sexual matters (Ševčíková & Daneback, 2014), provide greater sexual openness and amend sexual experiences (Rissel et al., 2017), and serve as ways to observe preferences and develop intimacy (Attwood et al., 2018). In addition, the online context provides a "safer" place than the offline context (Griffiths, 2012). Thus, past using pornography, people can explore new horizons and savor sexual experiences that are not usually accessible, such as erotic material about certain fetishes and fantasies (Yu, 2013) or sexual practices associated with different sexual orientations (Hald & Štulhofer, 2016; Walters & Spengler, 2016).

Yet, a higher and more regular consumption of pornography has likewise been associated with sexual dissatisfaction (Blais-Lecours et al., 2016; Wright et al., 2019). In particular, some authors have related the viewing of pornography with greater discussions (Carroll et al., 2017) and worse sexual quality within a couple (Poulsen et al., 2013). In particular, there have been discrepancies regarding the consumption of pornography and the attitudes that both partners have (Daneback et al., 2009). Moreover, a loftier consumption of pornography can create false expectations and beliefs that may atomic number 82 to a greater sense of body dissatisfaction or lower sexual cocky-esteem (Tylka, 2015).

At the same fourth dimension, pornography consumption may crusade discomfort when dissonance occurs between the content of the sexual material and one'south own sexual self-concept (Priolo et al., 2016). This would exist the case not only when consuming materials from other sexual orientations (Walters & Spengler, 2016) only also when there is an inconsistency between engaging in this activeness and one'due south values (Grubbs et al., 2019a), as well equally the internalized passive part that is expected for women (Van Ness et al., 2017).

Despite the impact that pornography may have on both men and women, the literature has rarely analyzed these aspects in women. Following the systematic review of Grubbs et al. (2019b), virtually studies have focused on male populations or comparisons betwixt men and women, thereby ignoring the content of pornography. In line with the systematic review by Ashton et al. (2018) that focused on pornography utilise by women, none of the studies evaluated the consumption of content based on different sexual orientations or the women's level of discomfort when consuming them.

Therefore, improving knowledge about women's experience of pornography consumption is required, particularly in Hispanic countries such as Spain, where there is fiddling research in this regard and the sexual double standard nonetheless influences sexual behavior. For this reason, this study analyzes the consumption of pornography among Spanish women and their experience of existence angry by different types of content based on their sexual orientation, too every bit their perception of discomfort. Due to the influence of age and sexual orientation on sexual behavior, both factors are considered in these analyses.

In this context, we establish the following inquiry questions and hypotheses:

Research Question 1

Will Castilian women evidence differences in regard to viewing pornographic content based on sexual orientation? What are women looking at during the viewing of heterosexual porn and why do they pay attention to it?

Hypothesis i

More lesbian and bisexual women volition report consumption of pornography compared to heterosexual women.

Hypothesis 2

Heterosexual, lesbian, and bisexual women will show dissimilar consumption of gay, lesbian, and heterosexual content; i.e., heterosexual and bisexual women will consume more heterosexual pornography, while lesbian women will consume more than lesbian pornography.

Enquiry Question 2

Will the women in the sample testify differences in the arousal felt past the different types of pornography (heterosexual, lesbian, and gay pornography) based on their sexual orientation?

Hypothesis 3

Heterosexual, lesbian, and bisexual women volition show unlike arousal by gay, lesbian, and heterosexual pornography; i.e., heterosexual and bisexual women will be more aroused by heterosexual pornography, while lesbian women will be more aroused by lesbian pornography.

Inquiry Question 3

Will the women show differences in their discomfort when consuming pornography based on their sexual orientation?

Hypothesis 4

Heterosexual, lesbian, and bisexual women will show different discomfort when aroused by gay, lesbian, and heterosexual pornography; i.due east., heterosexual women will feel more than discomforted past lesbian pornography, bisexual women will experience less discomforted past all types of pornography than will heterosexual and lesbian women, and lesbian women will feel more discomforted past gay pornography.

Research Question four

Will the women, according to their sexual orientation, show differences by age in regard to the consumption, arousal, and discomfort felt by the different types of pornography (heterosexual, lesbian, and gay pornography)?

Hypothesis v

Statistically pregnant differences by age will exist plant in regard to viewing, arousal, and discomfort according to each sexual orientation; i.e., more eye-aged adult women will consume pornography, be angry by pornography, and feel discomfort compared to younger females.

Method

Procedure

The present report is part of a larger investigation almost sexual experience according to sexual identity and orientation. To collect participants, an announcement was made on social networks aimed at the general population that asked for collaboration in an investigation on sexual orientation amid groups from various Spanish provinces. The sample drove process took place during January and March 2019 through the Google Forms platform.

When the participants clicked on the advertizement, they accessed an initial screen which informed them of the anonymous, voluntary, and confidential nature of this inquiry. Additionally, they were asked for their informed consent. Once they agreed to participate in the research, they gained access to the online questionnaire. The participants did not receive any type of reward for answering the questionnaire. This research had the approval of the ethics committee of the Universitat Jaume I (Castellón de la Plana, Espana), following the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

By means of convenience sampling, 4564 responses were nerveless. Finally, 2730 people who met the inclusion criteria of the study were enrolled equally participants; these criteria were as follows: being a woman (n = 3056); identifying equally heterosexual, lesbian, or bisexual (due north = 2965); being over 18 years onetime (due north = 2917); and residing in Spain and understanding Castilian language (n = 2833). Because the participants revealed a keen dispersion of age and people older than 44 years were less represented, we proceeded to eliminate those women over 44 years of age (northward = 103) since their inclusion could have biased the results.

Participants

2 yard vii hundred thirty women between 18 and 44 years old (M = 24.xvi; SD = half dozen.04) participated in this study. Regarding their reported sexual orientation, 78.1% were heterosexual women, 15.iv% were bisexual women, and half dozen.5% were lesbian women.

Regarding the sociodemographic data (see Table one), almost of the participants were atheistic or agnostic, had a college education, were progressive from a political indicate of view, and came from an inner urban town. All of them lived in Spain and were distributed throughout the geography of Spain.

Table one Principal sociodemographic characteristics of participants

Full size table

Instrument

For this study, an ad hoc pornography consumption questionnaire was used, which evaluated the viewing, arousal by, and discomfort with sexual cloth of different sexual orientations (gay, lesbian, and heterosexual).

Viewing and Arousal

This subscale evaluates whether people accept ever been aroused when they have seen gay (particular 1), lesbian (item 2), or heterosexual erotic material (item iii) by a single choice question with "Yes," "No," or "I have not seen this type of material" as the possible answers. To facilitate the analysis, the responses obtained were recoded into two different dimensions: viewing and arousal. In the viewing variable, the first grouping included those who had non seen this blazon of content (0), while the second group included those who had been aroused by pornography and those who had not, due to both of them having seen pornographic content. In the arousal variable, just the responses of those women who reported having seen pornography were considered.

The Focus of Attending During the Viewing of Heterosexual Pornography

This item explores who the participants had looked at during their viewing of heterosexual pornography through a multiple-choice question with answer options of "Homo," "Woman," or "Interaction between both." Furthermore, they were likewise asked to explicate their choice through a multiple-choice question, and they were able to cull amidst the following: "Because I feel attracted to the man," "Considering I feel attracted to the adult female," "Because I would like to be like him," "Because I would like to be like her," and "Considering I would like to reproduce their interaction."

Perception of Discomfort

Among those women who had shown arousal, their discomfort due to beingness aroused past each type of pornographic content was assessed. These questions were answered past a Yes/No question.

Statistical Analysis

IBM SPSS Statistical software (version 27) was used to conduct out different statistical analyses. Commencement, descriptive analyses were performed based on sexual orientation, the percentages of religious beliefs, level of education, identify of residence during childhood/adolescence and political credo, and the mean age. To decide the existence of differences based on sexual orientation and the effect size, chi-foursquare and Cramer'south Five tests were performed for the percentages, and ANOVA and Cohen'due south f were performed in the case of age. Cohen'due south f was performed using the G*Power program (Faul et al., 2007; Mayr et al., 2007).

Second, contingency tables were made to decide the percentages, based on sexual orientation, of viewing, arousal by, and discomfort with having been excited by the 3 types of pornography (gay, lesbian, and heterosexual). To decide if there were differences and the effect sizes, chi-square and Cramer's 5 tests were performed among the unlike sexual orientations.

In the same style, contingency tables and chi-square tests were also used to determine whether there were differences, based on sexual orientation, regarding the focus of the participants' attending when viewing heterosexual pornography and the reason why they looked at it. Cramer's Five was also performed to make up one's mind the size of the effect.

Finally, binary logistic regressions were performed using the dependent variables of viewing, arousal by, and discomfort with heterosexual, lesbian, and gay pornography. As independent variables, age and dissimilar sexual orientations (taking heterosexuality as the reference) were added to the get-go block. The interaction betwixt age and each of the sexual orientations (taking heterosexuality*historic period equally the reference) was included in the second cake. In add-on, the omnibus test was carried out to check if the variables entered in the blocks provided information, and the Hosmer–Lemeshow examination was performed to determine the fit of the model.

Results

Viewing

The results showed that 91.4% of women had ever seen some type of pornography in their lives: specifically, 96.2% of bisexual women and 97.seven% of lesbians had always seen some type of pornography, compared to 90% of heterosexual women (χ ⁱⁱ = 26.96; p ≤ .001). Regarding heterosexual pornography (see Table 2), a high percentage of women in each of the iii sexual orientations had consumed this type of content. More bisexual women had consumed this content, followed by lesbian women, and finally, heterosexual women. These differences were statistically significant among the three sexual orientations, especially between heterosexual and bisexual women.

Tabular array 2 Differential analysis in viewing and arousing by heterosexual, lesbian, and gay pornography by sexual orientation

Full size tabular array

In regard to lesbian porn, more than lesbian women had consumed this content, followed past bisexual women, and finally, heterosexual women. These results showed statistically significant differences. In line with the pairwise comparison, heterosexual women showed statistically significant differences from lesbian and bisexual women.

The results for gay pornography, in full general, revealed lower percentages, although more than than 60% of women had watched it. Lesbian and bisexual women showed similar results, which exceeded the results of heterosexual women. These differences were statistically pregnant past sexual orientation, peculiarly between heterosexual women and the other two groups, i.e., lesbian women and bisexual women.

As seen in Table 2, heterosexual pornography was the blazon of pornography that more heterosexual and bisexual women had viewed. Conversely, lesbian pornography was the one that more lesbian women had consumed. In whatever case, information technology is also worth noting the high use of pornography content based on a sexual orientation that differed from the women'south reported sexual orientation.

Who Are Women Looking at During the Viewing of Heterosexual Porn?

Regarding the attentional focus of women (run across Table iii), heterosexual women were the most focused on men, followed past bisexual women and lesbian women. Statistically pregnant differences were obtained based on sexual orientation, also as in all the pairwise comparisons.

Table three Differential assay of women who look at man, adult female, or interaction when viewing heterosexual pornography by sexual orientation

Total size table

In regard to women, more lesbian women paid attention to them, followed by bisexual women and heterosexual women. These differences were statistically pregnant by sexual orientation, as well every bit for all the pairwise comparisons.

Last, the interaction between both the homo and woman was the most-chosen answer for all sexual orientation groups. Specifically, more than heterosexual women were focused on the interaction, followed past bisexual women and lesbians. Statistically significant differences were obtained based on sexual orientation, as well as between lesbian women and the other two groups (i.e., heterosexual and bisexual women).

Why Do They Pay Attention to Information technology?

Regarding the reason for their attentional focus, the most prevalent reason for heterosexual and bisexual women was to the desire to "reproduce the interaction," while for lesbian women information technology as feeling an "attraction to the adult female" (see Table 4).

Table 4 Differential analysis of the reasons why women look at sure aspects when viewing heterosexual pornography by sexual orientation

Total size table

In addition, heterosexual women were the ones who most justified their "allure to the homo," followed by bisexual women, and, to a lesser extent, lesbian women. Concerning "allure to the adult female," lesbian women showed the highest per centum, followed by bisexual women and heterosexual women.

Regarding the respond of "to be like him," the percentages were lower than those for other reply options. Lesbians showed the highest percentage, with bisexual women in the 2nd position, and finally, heterosexual women. Regarding "to be like her," bisexual women showed the highest percentages, followed by heterosexual women and lesbians.

In general, all the reasons revealed statistically meaning differences, except for the pairwise comparing of "reproducing the interaction" between heterosexual women and bisexual women.

Arousal

Regarding heterosexual pornography, most women, regardless of their sexual orientation, reported being aroused (encounter Table two). Specifically, more bisexual women reported arousal, followed by heterosexual women and lesbian women. Statistically significant differences were obtained based on sexual orientation, as well as betwixt the different pairwise comparisons.

For lesbian pornography, more than 90% of bisexual women and lesbians reported existence angry by such content, with similar results between them. However, niggling more than half of heterosexual women reported having been angry by lesbian porn. These differences were statistically significant with a moderate effect size. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were also obtained betwixt heterosexual women and the other 2 groups, i.e., lesbian women and bisexual women.

Gay pornography was the type that was consumed past the to the lowest degree corporeality of women. More bisexual women showed arousal from this type of pornography, followed by lesbians, and finally, heterosexual women. Statistically significant differences were obtained based on sexual orientation, with a moderate effect size. Once again, in pairwise comparing, heterosexual women showed statistically meaning differences from lesbian and bisexual women.

A higher percent of heterosexual women and bisexual women were angry past heterosexual pornography, while, in contrast, more than lesbians were angry by lesbian pornography. In any example, even though these data were consistent with one'south sexual orientation, it should also be noted that a high percentage of women were aroused by nonpreferred sexual activity pornography, such every bit heterosexual women being aroused past lesbian pornography or lesbians being aroused by gay pornography.

Perception of Discomfort

In general, more lesbian women reported perceived discomfort. In fact, lesbian women exceeded the percentages of bisexual and heterosexual women in regard to discomfort with heterosexual and gay porn, with statistically pregnant differences (see Table 5). Based on content, the highest per centum of lesbian and bisexual women reported feeling discomforted by gay porn, while heterosexual women were the well-nigh discomforted by lesbian porn.

Table v Differential analysis of discomfort felt for beingness angry by heterosexual, lesbian, and gay porn by sexual orientation

Full size table

Heterosexual porn was the type of pornography with which fewer women showed discomfort compared to the other types of content. Specifically, more than lesbians showed discomfort with heterosexual porn, followed past bisexual women and heterosexual women. In pairwise comparisons, lesbian women showed statistically significant differences from heterosexual and bisexual women.

Concerning discomfort with beingness aroused by lesbian pornography, although the differences were statistically nonsignificant, lesbian women showed the highest percentages, followed past heterosexual women and bisexual women.

According to discomfort perceived when aroused by gay pornography, more lesbians showed discomfort, followed by bisexual women and heterosexual women. In the pairwise comparison, heterosexual women showed statistically significant differences from lesbian and bisexual women.

Regressions in Viewing, Arousal, and Perception of Discomfort past Sexual Orientation and Historic period

Equally seen in Table 6, the interactions between age and sexual orientation just provided information in the models of discomfort lesbian porn and discomfort gay porn. For this reason, in regard to the rest of the variables, the interactions were non included in the final models.

Table half-dozen Regressions of viewing, arousing, and discomfort by heterosexual, lesbian, and gay pornography past sexual orientation

Full size tabular array

Regarding viewing, more women reported consuming heterosexual, lesbian, or gay pornography as their age increased. Moreover, lesbian and bisexual women were associated with viewing content. In general, immature adult women were related to consuming all types of content.

Regarding arousal, historic period was only statistically significant in the model of arousal gay porn, with more women reporting being aroused by this content every bit their age advanced. In addition, lesbian and bisexual women were related to existence aroused past gay and lesbian porn. However, bisexual women were associated with reporting arousal in regard to heterosexual pornography, while lesbian women were less likely to do and then.

Finally, in the discomfort lesbian porn and discomfort gay porn models, where interactions were included, it was found that bisexual women, as they got older, experience greater discomfort when aroused by lesbian or gay porn. Regarding the discomfort heterosexual porn model, information technology was found that as historic period increases, fewer women experience discomfort when angry by heterosexual pornography.

Give-and-take

In light of our findings, compared to past investigations (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2017; Bridges et al., 2016; Kasper et al., 2015; Martyniuk et al., 2016; Rissel et al., 2017; Træen & Daneback, 2013; Zheng & Zheng, 2014), our results showed that more young adult Spanish women had consumed pornography. This departure may be due to the age of the participants, which in our case was from xviii to 44 years old, while in other studies, the sample was younger (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2017; Martyniuk et al., 2016) or had a greater range of ages (Bridges et al., 2016; Kasper et al., 2015; Rissel et al., 2017; Træen & Daneback, 2013; Zheng & Zheng, 2014). Another aspect that may influence the findings is what type of information has been collected. For case, we asked virtually the women'due south behavior experience on at least one occasion and not for a specific menstruation of time or regarding specific correlated practices such as masturbation (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2017; Bridges et al., 2016) or the frequency thereof (Bridges et al., 2016; Martyniuk et al., 2016; Zheng & Zheng, 2014). However, cultural context and social desirability may have as well influence on the outcomes. Depending on the country, in that location is a greater stigmatization of melancholia-sexual multifariousness and sexuality in full general, which tin can inhibit women from talking about it (Digoix et al., 2016; Schmitt & Fuller, 2015).

In full general, regardless of the women's reported sexual orientation, there was a consumption of all types of pornographic content. These findings support other studies (Copen et al., 2016; Nebot-Garcia et al., 2018; Vrangalova & Savin-Williams, 2010) in which women who identified as a specific sexual orientation were found to express desires, behaviors, and interests toward a theoretically nonpreferred sex.

In particular, these Castilian bisexual and lesbian women did not testify significant differences betwixt them in regard to viewing dissimilar types of pornography based on their sexual orientation. Nevertheless, equally we expected, more lesbian and bisexual women reported pornography consumption compared to heterosexual women. As another European report pointed out (Træen & Daneback, 2013), more lesbian and bisexual women eat pornography than their heterosexual counterparts. These differences may be due to the possible greater disinhibition of women with a nonheterosexual orientation. In this case, their behaviors are non express to what is expected of them according to traditional gender roles, which means that they are able to show more proactive behavior in regard to seeking sexual pleasure. In addition, in more traditional contexts, this increased consumption among lesbian and bisexual women could besides exist related to the security and anonymity offered by the Internet, where sexuality tin be explored and sexual desire be satisfied without fright of bigotry (Giménez-García et al., 2020).

Regarding content, as we expected, more than heterosexual and bisexual women reported viewing heterosexual pornography, while more lesbian women reported viewing lesbian pornography.

Regarding arousal, the excitation responses as well showed greater differences of the heterosexual women compared to those of lesbian and bisexual women. In any case, our research also supported that all women were aroused past gay pornography (Neville, 2015). This arousal has been observed specially in heterosexual women, probably because men, who are the object of desire of heterosexual women, appear in this blazon of content (Ramsay, 2017). Thus, attending to i or some other element of pornographic content may be more related to attraction to the sexual object than to identification with the character of ane'southward same gender. However, more than half of lesbian women had been aroused past gay pornography, while more heterosexual women had experienced arousal due to lesbian pornography. In line with Diamond (2008), women's sexual desire can be separated into two aspects: libido and arousal. The first is associated with certain objects of desire, whereas arousal can be experienced with stimuli other than those marked by one'due south sexual orientation. Thus, women may feel aroused while seeing how other people enjoy sexual pleasance, regardless of whether they are attracted to them (Chivers et al., 2007; McCutcheon & Bishop, 2015). Moreover, regardless of their orientation, many women turn down heterosexual pornography and prefer other typologies, such every bit gay or lesbian pornography, due to the passive office that women play in heterosexual porn (McCutcheon & Bishop, 2015; Neville, 2015; Ramsay, 2017). Moreover, sexual orientation may exist more fluid and belong to a continuum rather than a closed category (Copen et al., 2016; Vrangalova & Savin-Williams, 2012). Therefore, if we evaluate sexual orientation through the Kinsey 7-point calibration (Kinsey et al., 1948), which ranges from "exclusively heterosexual" to "exclusively homosexual," participants identified equally lesbian or heterosexual might exist in intermediate positions, i.e., showing some degree of attraction to men and women, which would explain their arousal by nonpreferred sexual activity pornography.

Perception of discomfort, as nosotros expected, may be related to an inconsistency betwixt reported sexual orientation and sexual orientation content. In item, this occurred with lesbian porn for heterosexual women and gay porn for lesbian women, who were more than likely to perceive discomfort. These results may be due to the discrepancy between what is expected of oneself, depending on one's sexual orientation, and what is truly felt or experienced (Priolo et al., 2016). As past studies have described, these discrepancies regarding what is expected may enhance doubts and questions about i's sexual orientation, with a consequential affect on well-being (Coulter et al., 2017).

However, discomfort was too observed in the arousal past materials according to orientation and for bisexual women. Therefore, in that location may exist other factors that mediate such discomfort, such as religious beliefs (Baltazar et al., 2010; Nelson et al., 2010; Poulsen et al., 2013), moral values (Fisher et al., 2019; Grubbs et al., 2019a; Grubbs & Perry, 2019; Perry, 2018), or disagreement with the sexual role expected of women (Van Ness et al., 2017).

Regarding historic period, more women reported consuming any type of pornography as their age increased. This seems to go against other Spanish studies in which a college consumption of pornography has been observed in young women aged 19–25 (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2017) than in those over 55 (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2019). Nonetheless, it must be remembered that our sample was between 18 and 44 years old and that in another study, it was observed that diverse sexual behaviors increased in prevalence until approximately the age of 40, after which the prevalence began to decrease (Herbenick et al., 2010).

In the case of arousal, age was only significant in arousal by gay porn, where the number of women who had been angry increased with age. It is possible that older women have rarely consumed this type of porn, which may increase their arousal when they finally watch information technology. After that, they may seek out this type of content explicitly to achieve greater arousal.

Regarding discomfort, the number of bisexual women who showed discomfort when aroused past gay or lesbian pornography increased as age increased. These results may be considering bisexual women endure greater discrimination, stigma, and invisibility (Balsam & Mohr, 2007; Brewster & Moradi, 2010) and are therefore more punished for carrying out behaviors that go across heteronormativity. Finally, more women experienced discomfort when aroused by heterosexual porn as age decreased. Information technology is possible that immature women, regardless of their sexual orientation, are more coerced past social norms and influenced past the ideology of women's sexuality, which would make their cocky-exploration hard (Emmerink et al., 2016; Van Ness et al., 2017).

These results should be considered in light of some limitations. For example, we cannot generalize the results because the sample was obtained through convenience sampling. Second, the utilize of nonvalidated self-assessment reports and social desirability could influence the results, especially in some aspects of sexuality that may go against social norms (Van Ness et al., 2017). Tertiary, we did not provide participants with a specific definition of pornography; thus, given the existence of diverse meanings or insights (McKee et al., 2020), participants may interpret pornography in different ways. Fourth, it must exist considered that we asked about the consumption of pornography at some point in life, which is a measure that provides less detail than others such as frequency or request virtually 1's level of consumption during the last year. However, we were non as interested in the percentages of consumption as we were in if at that place were differences with respect to arousal and discomfort based on sexual orientation; thus, nosotros chose this more general measure to be able to comprehend a larger population. However, despite having a good number of bisexual and lesbian participants, it would be appropriate to increase the sample and include people over 44 years old to generalize these results.

Conclusions

The findings of this report showed the relevance of pornography in the sexual lives of young developed Spanish women. Moreover, the findings emphasize the existing diversity in the orientation of desire and the response of arousal regardless of the self-informed sexual orientation. In addition to some differences, the results as well revealed the discomfort perceived by young adult Spanish women despite their sexual orientation. In particular, for the heterosexual participants, age was a differential variable regarding experiencing discomfort with pornography. To prevent the stigmatization of women's sexuality, all these findings should exist considered in sexual teaching programs and wellness policies to make visible the sexual orientation fluidity and the diversity in women'southward sexuality, as well equally their agile role. This consideration would accept a positive affect on the quality of life and well-being of women, which would reduce their discomfort regarding their own sexual development.

Change history

• ten Oct 2021

  The original version of this paper was updated. The funding note "Open Admission funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature" was inserted.

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Funding

Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This research was supported by grant UJI-B2018-42 and PREDOC/2017/45 of the Universitat Jaume I of Castellón de la Plana (Espana).

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1. Departamento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Vicent Sos Baynat due south/n, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain

   Cristina Giménez-García, Juan E. Nebot-Garcia, Estefanía Ruiz-Palomino, Marta García-Barba & Rafael Ballester-Arnal

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Written report formulation and design, textile grooming, information drove, and analysis were performed by Cristina Giménez-García, Juan E. Nebot-Garcia, and Rafael Ballester-Arnal. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Cristina Giménez-García, Juan E. Nebot-Garcia, Estefanía Ruiz-Palomino, and Marta García-Barba and revised by Rafael Ballester-Arnal, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Juan E. Nebot-Garcia.

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Giménez-García, C., Nebot-Garcia, J.E., Ruiz-Palomino, Eastward. et al. Spanish Women and Pornography Based on Different Sexual Orientation: an Analysis of Consumption, Arousal, and Discomfort by Sexual Orientation and Age. Sex Res Soc Policy (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00617-iii

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• Accepted: 05 July 2021

• Published: 26 July 2021

• DOI : https://doi.org/ten.1007/s13178-021-00617-three

Keywords

• Sexual orientation
• Pornographic content
• Discomfort
• Women
• Arousal

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